“'Our industry continues to face a challenging operating environment stemming from increasing costs and declining demand,' Ned Dwyer, the president of Catalyst, said in a statement." The McClatchy Company is a media business centered on its newspaper ownership. Among newpapers owned by McClatchy are The Raleigh News & Observer, The Charlotte Observer, The Miami Herald, and others. Since the Raleigh and Charlotte papers are vital to NC, data in McClatchy's income statement; helps to relate the tariff strategy and current newspaper environment. A quick review of the McClatchy Company's unaudited income statements for the first 6 months of 2018, compared to the same period of 2017, shows:
Total revenues declined from $446.332 million in the first 6 months of 2017 to $403.206 million for the same period in 2018; or a decline of -9.7%, computed as follows:
[($403.206 m - $446.332 m)/($446.332 m) x 100] =
(-43.126 m/$446.332 m) x 100 = -9.7%. There is the sharp decline in revenue of almost -10% being felt by McClatchy and many other newspapers across the US.
Newsprint, supplements and printing expenses declined during this comparable period from $34.304 m in 2017 to $27.420 m in 2018. This represents a decrease in this expense category of -$6.884 m, or a decline of -20.1%., illustrating the sentiment: this is "probably just accelerated cost-cutting that would have eventually occurred anyway, given the industry's declining readership and revenue."
8/30 Th 4:54p Greenville NC
The trade war is a myth. It is a stupidly cruel act by an ignorant president. American money can only be spent for goods in America . Foreign countries have left over American Money after buying American goods. As things stand the only thing that these countries can do with their American money is deposit it in an American bank (Our Federal Reserve). That money goes directly into our Treasury and spent for American goods. To call the relationship a trade imbalance is unexplainable. China is understandably mad at us. She and many others have big American money stashed in our Federal Reserve. China and Japan each have over a trillion American dollars in deposit It a nasty move on our part to put an American money charge on the American money they use to purchase our products. The mechanics alone of such a process is ridiculous. How the tariffs have gotten as far as they have is beyond me.
@HenryB Why do you suppose China, Japan, and Canada deposited over 200 billion dollars into our treasury last year? It covered 30 percent of our military budget.
@Maybe they and others with extra American money will not be so kind to us next year. If that happens then we are out of many more billions that we will be taxed for. Those extra dollars will eventually go into the world money supply and our dollar will drop in value to Gods knows what extent.
@HenryBThere was a time in the not too distant past that a lot of countries had citizens that were out of work. We out of kindness supplied the work and they produced goods. We bought the goods with American money. Our businessmen liked the arrangement and bought the goods. It is the American way. Now the American money that they had left over instead of buying our IOU's many not be going that way but some other way. We have yet to start covering the IOU'S. Some countries have as much as a trillion American dollars tied up in them. If they want to recover the money, since we have already spent it, we will have to put our presses to work, and that is not good. You know that our president will tell them to bug off and sell their labor to someone else. What will happen then?
Another Trump decision that resulted in job losses not creation. Is anyone keeping track??
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Another Trump plot to destroy the press and stick it to Trudeau is foiled. Trump reads nothing, analyzes nothing. It is all spite and revenge against people and institutions who fail to bow and scrape to His Trumpian Eminence. He desperately needs a smack across the face with a big board. I hope we will give him one in November.
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It seems the courts are the only defense we have between Trump and Trumpaggedon.
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Trump continues his attacks on the media in as many places as possible.
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Imagine if Donald Trump could actually read. Then we’d be in real trouble.
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Yay! Our local newspaper will go back to its normal size.
In the days of the old Mexican ruling government party (PRI), they had full control over the "free" print media and newspapers by controlling the supply of paper for decades. Perhaps in trump's typically backward thought process he wants to do the same here with Canadian newsprint paper - especially if he fails to control electronic media.
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Small papers are local. Readers know the owners and reporters and trust them. Makes it hard for Trump to tar them by calling them disgusting enemies of the people. So he thought he found another way to cripple an independent voice.
Don't worry, he'll find another way.
Trump is destroying US-Canada relations, one industry at a time. It's infuriating.
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I live in Washington State and know the North Pacific Paper Company in Longview. Newsprint comes from lumber sawmill rejects and scrap turned to pulp. North Pacific does a fine job keeping water use reduced and chlorine toxins out of the environment. They are members of the sustainable forest effort.
I do worry about the Canadians paper production, they have more forest to use but I don't know about their environmental laws. Bad things are happening to the area of the Tar sands. I always thought this tax on imports of Canadian paper was a dud. They have enough problems.
Different grades of news print paper have different values and the advert inserts take a glossy stock at the top price. Newspapers are the big consumers but they use a much cheaper stock. I think less for more is always a good deal for the seller.
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This is similar to the same "dog whistle" approach that Boeing originally used on Bombardier and their C-Series jet which they claimed because they had government funding, and they were selling them into the U.S. at a loss. There was originally a 270% tariff placed on Bombardier which was ultimately rescinded since Boeing doesn't produce a similar jet and even at the reduced cost it would not affect their business.
While Boeing was claiming government subsidies to Bombardier as their excuse, noticeable by its absence was the fact the Boeing has received billions in subsidies from the Export Development Corporation, so much that it is touted as "The Bank of Boeing".
As with other circumstances that have repeatedly demonstrated, contrary to the Trump rhetoric, the tariffs Trump claims that will help American business and individuals, in reality, does quite the opposite. If they don't find alternative markets at competitive prices, companies either let people go or close.
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It is always disappointing to see how narrowly these discussions are focused.Anyone who travels the length of Vancouver Island. ( as a single specific example} knows how the Canadian Government , through its short sighted policies, subsidizes and promotes industrial destruction of its forests.
As one of the prime advocates of the printed word on paper, in my hand,I have come belatedly to understand that the same word, on a device, will have to do.
But, this also entails major changes within the media. What are the economic impacts of such drastic changes? Already we see unacceptable downsizing of News departments , and almost total abstinence from investigative journalism.
How bizarre to see a Trumpian whim, potentially lead to a beneficial result.
@Reality
I meant to imply that the beneficial result might be forest preservation, not loss of unbiased reporting.
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Unfair to label the newsprint tariff a Trump tariff, given the trade complaint originated from an American paper company.
The damage to American newspapers who pay the tariff is a good example of the pain any tariffs bring. Foreign countries don't pay tariffs on exports, it is American importers and through them American consumers who pay tariffs.
Granted, the 'Trump Tariff on Newsprint Imports' fits the antimedia narrative spoken from the mouth of Trump at nearly every news conference or rally he has.
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@Gordon it was the Trump administration who imposed the tariff - it is a Trump tariff. He is the one who is trumpeting how great they are.
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@Gordon If you've read earlier articles, as well as this one you would know that only this one American company, recently purchased by a hedge fund, complained and got the tariff instituted. "...according to people within the paper industry, most likely paid a premium for the business in hopes that it could make the case for tariffs and boost the business’s revenue. Now it appears that bet has been lost."
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@Gordon The first paragraph of the article says the commission "overturned a Trump administration decision to impose tariffs on Canadian newsprint." It was a Trump tariff.
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One would anticipate that someone in the Trump swamp would have performed some research to see if the tariff could hold water rather than a fire, aim ready approach.
But, this is about Trump, and nothing he or his minions do makes sense.
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At least someone is standing up for the Canadians, even if the Canadians won't stand up for themselves. The 'rush' back to fall for Trump's bluff of a deal. You'd thing that Singapore would have taught them a thing or two.
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@Richard Mclaughlin
The Canadian negotiators rushed back not out of need or fear, but out of brashness to take advantage of a wounded president in dire need of a win. The world noticed how easy it is to take advantage of Trump after his gaffe-filled meeting with North Korea.
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It’s not “taking advantage” when the alleged victim is the most powerful leader in the free world.
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Canada just won an appeal of the newsprint tariff. I consider that standing up to rediculous tariffs that are increasing costs on American families.
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A win for anyone who desires as fair an election as possible in 2018 and 2020. If Trump had his way newspapers would be forced out of business and the otherwise well-informed would turn to Facebook for all the Trump news that's fit to print.
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@Dave in LA This is a prime example of the hateful and despotic Administration that is determined to obstruct or eliminate citizens rights. The tariff story is just a cover up for what Republicans want to do: close freedom of the press.
It makes one wonder whether the Trump administration was more worried about paper imports, or having people read the real news?
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@Walter Ingram The latter. Perhaps, if Trump was able we would need to get our news from broadsides...rather than a reputable free and independent press.
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@Dan
He would be pleased if all the "news" came from Fox and Friends. That's where he gets his own.
If American newspapers will not be refunded, then I hope they get together and sue. The reporting clearly shows that Wilbur Ross made a personal deal with One Rock Capital to ensure one news print plant owned by One Rock could boost its profits, to the detriment of everybody else. On its face it looks like Ross used his authority as Commerce Secretary to fraudulently use "laws" to impose these tariffs as a favour to a friend(?). Fraud and abuse of authority. Time to investigate the long time crook, Ross and his connections to One Rock and its owner, John A. Georges. And, no, I don't trust a single one of trump's crony cabinet members. Life times spent grifting and ripping off anybody they can doesn't simply end when, finally, you have the power and authority of the US Government to underpin your dirty deals.
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@Rw - A tidbit from the WSJ: "Under U.S. trade law, tariffs don’t go into effect unless the ITC rules that the imports cause harm. The ruling frees U.S. newsprint buyers from paying deposits equal to tariffs proposed earlier by the Commerce Department—savings worth millions of dollars. The deposits will be refunded, said trade experts."
So, okay, here's my question: If "Under U.S. trade law, tariffs don’t go into effect unless the ITC rules that the imports cause harm," how can Trump successfully impose all the tariffs that he has so far put into effect?
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The steel/aluminum tariffs are based upon the (baseless) claim that they are necessary for national security.
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Yea for Canada. t-Rump strikes out again. This makes me so happy. Can't wait until he is gone, gone.
Vote folks. Our lives and democracy depend on it.
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Trump's approach to tariff's are like his business practice of refusing to pay bills to Contractors. "I do not like the work you did that that project and I am not paying you, see you in court to try and get paid". The Art of a Deal? or just being a scumbag.
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The "vital role in [American] democracy by keeping citizens informed and connected" is the last thing that President Trump, his administration and the Party he heads want for the country.
An informed citizenry is a critical citizenry which is Kryptonite for demagogues and autocrats. The newsprint tariff was never about newsprint. It was about journalism and the critically oppositional thinking that it spawns.
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Trump should actually be complimented on this particular tariff. Unlike the others, the newsprint tariff was well-designed to accomplish its non-economic goal - stifling dissent at the expense of the First Amendment. The others are dunderheaded attempts to help a subset of Trump's base, with no regard to their adverse effect on the overall economy.
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I guess this is what happens when you elect a president who promises to run the country like a business. But like a person's life, a country is not just about business, power, deals and money. Sadly, maybe it's all Donald knows, and he has no one he can really believe is his friend. Even more sadly, his country will end up in the same way.
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I was struggling to see how news print was a potential “national security risk”. More like Trump’s attempt to curb the liberal media of it’s “Fake News”. Thank goodness there are checks on his power because we could be waiting a long time for a GOP majority Congress to act.
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Ubfortunately none of those checks on power originate in the US.
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@Dawn
how are aluminum and steel security risks? It's a bogus claim that he should be forced to prove.
One more Check in the lose column for the Liar. The most losses ever by a President in the first two years of a mandate. So sad (ha!ha!).
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I wonder if the small papers could sue the government for illegally imposing costs on them.
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What is the "fair value" of newsprint without news to print on it?
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@HL There would be "news", news as dictated by the press secretary. It will be full of comedy, lies, truth stretching and many accolades for the successes of Trump. In other words, propaganda.
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Thank you. Trump is an out of control; selfish and small minded little man. He has no knowledge; just follows whatever FOX tells him to do. Vote out Republicans. Ray Sipe
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The Washington State paper mill involved in this case is an interesting company. I would love NYT to do a story on it and other American paper companies, so that we are better informed on this dwindling area of manufacturing in the USA.
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Can hardly wait until tomorrow. The story will have to be redacted as the White House will declare it as Fake News.
A good win for newspapers big and small. Also all the people from the tree lot to the final press where it is used. Even to the Budgie who gets the final read on the cage bottom.
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@K. O'Brien And don't forget wrapping fish and chips on Good Friday. Yummy.
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Similar to the recent decision in the Bombardier case.
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Interestingly enough David Pecker owner of Trump's "catch and kill story" associates The National Enquirer, has resigned from the Board of Canadian Media giant Postmedia.
there's a relation there somewhere...
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Truck fump.
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Shouldn't be much of an impact because very few, and it is decreasing everyday, are reading paper copies of so called newspapers. Those publishers that depend on their daily bread from print are doomed to extinction anyway. The vast majority get "news" online so the insinuations that Trump is trying to suppress the press with the tariff is total nonsense. There are many channels for communication beside paper. Also surprised tree huggers didn't embrace the reduction in paper use as a environment victory!
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@Strongbow2009 The majority of newspaper publishers and their media companies still count on print subscription revenue to fund their journalism. It is typically their number one source of revenue, greater than print advertising or digital revenues. While local and regional publishers ( NYT, WaPo and WSJ excluded) continue to search for ways to fully monetize digital audiences, print remains the bridge to ongoing operations. And newsprint is typically the number two expense, behind only labor. That is why this particular tariff jeopardizes the first amendment and must be viewed for its true intent....to silence the free press.
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@Strongbow2009
1st off, newsprint is grown from trees grown on farms...tree huggers are not trying to protect trees grown to be harvested.
But mainly, just because an American company complained, he didn't have to impose tariffs. Trump is out to hurt any media that does not sing his praises 24-7. Its what fascists do.
@Strongbow2009
The things you read online have usually originated at a newspaper and found their way to the internet. When the revenue from traditional newspapers is gone you will be looking at a blank screen. There will not be enough money to finance news gathering on digital-only products. If there were, the printed papers would be doing it already and the newspapers would have disappeared yesterday. Be careful what you wish for.
Will all the illegal tariffs on newsprint that have been collected over the last 5 months be returned to their owners ? In this case US newspaper publishers.
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Your article pretty well states that the decision to impose tariffs on Canadian newsprint was a policy decision imposed by the President. But in this case, it was the Commerce Department responding, as it is required, to a complaint from the private sector under the Anti-dumping Law, one of our oldest unfair trade statutes. It also requires a finding of injury to U.S. industry caused by the dumped newsprint by the International Trade Commission, an independent regulatory agency. You can argue about the unfairness of the Antidumping Act, but I am not sure you can hang this on The Donald.
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I remember the imposition of softwood lumber tariffs. Virtually almost all Canadian and Americans and Canadians suffered economically. There was however one entity that celebrated a windfall of epic proportions Koch Industries. It was shortly before the tariffs that Koch Industries purchased Georgia Pacific America's largest softwood lumber producer.
In 2014 Chrystia Freeland published Plutocrats: The Rise the New Global Super-Rich and the Fall of Everyone Else. It is not difficult on this side of the border to see what was the birth place of middle class liberal democracy and a return of plutocracy and autocracy. It was in the 1990s when historian philosopher, champion of free speech and former COO of PetroCanada John Ralston Saul warned us about what America was becoming and here in 2018 our Minister of Global Affairs who witnessed the collapse of Russian democracy must negotiate with would be oligarchs and try and preserve our evolving democracy.
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Remember the broader context: A live Omarosa and a dead John McCain both rendered Trump impotent this week. But violence; a dead child/19 months; Trump's threats/resumed war games, deaths at video games/killer cop teaching other cops, psychic violence by a man who insists football players stand but refused to lower the flag for a patriot, by a comic, violence by promise, violence—its many forms--blanketed this week. Threats and fear lurked in every discussion, especially their absence of details. What, exactly, is Mexico's deal? North Korea's agreement? What actions are pending against the US at the World Trade Organization? Exactly how many businesses have lost sales or jobs?
Who gets the tariff money? Tariffs are taxes! Why are they on/off so quickly? What are the end goals?
No plans make conflict the primary aim. Watch Trump carefully until he is indicted or removed.
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Trump's tariff policies toward Canada, Europe and Mexico are just another example of republican belief in fair trade and open markets. Just like the republican belief in, well at this point, it doesn't matter to republicans to point out the intellectual and ethical wasteland of their professed beliefs.
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Trump’s rhetoric on trade inequality is all hot air - the US subsidies it’s own industries and remember- this is the man who was against the bailouts to keep the auto industry solvent.
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Trump tried to kill the United States free press, by imposing this tariff, to protect one American company, at their behest. The ITC now only game American free press a victory, they also gave Canada a victory, and they gave freedom of the press a victory.
It is no secret that Trump that Trump did this as a unilateral, vindictive act, because he feels newspapers are the 'enemies of the people".
Trump's actions were killing small newspapers, the ITC may have saved a number of voices, from going silent. This, coupled with the FCC preventing a Sinclair near monopoly on broadcast news, shows that a free, and unregulated press, must endure in a democracy. And, that no one person can abridge it for their own personal gain or dictatorial aspirations.
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@Nick Metrowsky actually not to protect one company, but to increase the profits for one NY hedge fund that owns this mill - One Rock Capital. Strange that these tariffs were put in place after Wilbur Ross moved into the White House. Profits before jobs with this group. Help one hedge fund, destroy a number of blue collar industry based jobs.
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@Nick Metrowsky I was thinking along similar lines, and then had to ask myself, "is he that smart?" More likely he felt insulted by some Canadian paper manufacturer.
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Trump targeted newsprint intentionally, because he hates newspapers, while completely unaware (and, just as likely, uncaring) that the newspapers and their subscribers hurt the most by this price increase are largely his rural base. Maybe they just deserve each other.
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Bless the ITC. You are my heroes. You stood up for journalism and a free press. Thank you!
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This (likely) does not end with the ITC ruling. The president has higher legal authority over the matter than that government agency. Besides, aside from overruling the decision, Trump can wreak havoc with the agency after becoming aware of betrayal from some "deep state" bureaucrats.
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Um, you may wish to find out what the ITC is.
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@uga muga
The ITC is not an executive branch agency. Trump doesn't have authority over it as you suggest.
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The full name is United States International Trade Commission. It's a U.S. Government Agency. Other presidents have overturned its decisions including president Obama.
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It's too bad we can't trade Trump for Trudeau.
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@Vanessa Hall
Canada has Stephen Harper, as their "Trump". They kicked him, and his party, out, in the last election, because he had idea just like Trump. No, Canada will save, keep Trump, it's your problem.
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@Vanessa Hall Now THAT is the best idea I have heard yet! And I bet Ivanka would approve, also!
@Vanessa Hall And 535 players to be named later. Oops, 536, I forgot about He Who Shall Not Dine With A Female Not His Wife.
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Sure is a coincidence that this decision from this outfit comes out on the very day of the most intense and bitter trade negotiations between Canada and the USA in thirty years. Canada vs. USA today.
Will this decision have much of an affect on things. It'll be interesting to see.
Go Canada Go!
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@Luke Fisher Wish I could move up there! It is horrible down here.
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@Lois Lettini
I remember a great bit Trevor Noah did on the Daily Show after Trump became president. He said, “you know Americans, you just can't go to Canada to live, it's not like moving in to your parent's basement”. To you Lois, and all the other like-minded Americans I wish you could move in to our “basement”. The next best thing is showing up on November 6th and take the first step in getting your country back.
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@Luke Fisher it proves that it is imperative to,keep chapter 19...dispute resolution board.
@realDonaldTrump 2:50 AM - 2 Mar 2018
When a country (USA) is losing many billions of dollars on trade with virtually every country it does business with, trade wars are good, and easy to win. Example, when we are down $100 billion with a certain country and they get cute, don’t trade anymore-we win big. It’s easy!
Yeah, got that: "Trade wars are good and easy to win." Right, Delusional Donnie?
"In response to the tariffs, dozens of regional newspapers across the country cut staff, reduced the numbers of days they printed, and in some cases, closed entirely, unable to contend with the increased costs."
So many wins. My head is spinning.
What a clever strategy, Donnie. I have a "trade deficit" with the grocer, the gas station, the utilities that supply power to my home, the bank that issued my mortgage, and the IRS. Maybe I should just not do any business with any of them. I could save a zillion dollars, right? Why did I not think to that?
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@Joe From Boston ...and me too + Wallmart!
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Now why do you suppose one of Trump's biggest demands on Canada in the trade discussions has been to eliminate this kind of dispute resolution? Perhaps he doesn't like tribunals, despite including Americans, adjudicating fairness, when he deems himself the sole adjudicator of fairness.
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The International Trade Commission needs to look at all the other tariffs trump has proposed to see if they violate the national security clause. I thought Congress was suppose to approve tariffs or was that something the gop voted down so trump could move unchecked?
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In her 2014 book Plutocrats:The Rise of the New Global Super Rich and the Fall of Everyone Else Chrystia Freeland praises the success of neoliberalism but shines a light on the dark side of neoliberalism.
The purchase of Georgia Pacific by Koch Industries was a demonstration of how Russia was the example for the destruction of middle class liberal democracy and the advance of plutocracy. For a large section of America cheaper softwood lumber was the win/win globalism was designed to achieve whether it was cheaper houses or local newspapers.
Even as one billion people were lifted out of poverty neoliberalism has seen the rise of plutocrats like the Kochs erode our freedom and concentrate power in the plutocrats of Russia, Saudi Arabia, USA and Davos threaten the naissent democracies of Hungary and Poland.
Canadians are torn that plutocrats not scientists develop an equilibrium between resource extraction and environmental sustainability.
I am concerned as I watch American oligarchs assert the kind of control over America we associate with Putin's Russia where economic control is given over to a few oligarchs, where Putin establishes a state religion and there is crackdown on dissents.
Our Minister of Global Affairs and chief NAFTA negotiator Chrystia Freeland was witness to the demise of democracy in Russia and understand why she left Europe to spend a week in Washington. NAFTA has made Canada one of the richest and healthiest liberal democracies but we are vulnerable.
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@Memphrie et Moi
Lest we forget it was Stalin and the John Birch Society who made Koch industries everything it is today.
7
Should be great news for all of us as it keeps the presses turning. The question is, how binding is this decision if Trump decides to ignore or over rule it?
Trump at war with the ITC would be a real headline grabber and smoke screen to cover up his ultimate cover up
18
Canada already won -- twice -- on softwood lumber, yet still Trump reimposed those duties in short order. Let's just say the U.S. is not a pleasant trading partner.
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@Larry McCallumWe aren't hearing people talk much about softwood lumber. Has an agreement been reached? It'll be interesting because our lumber men/women have fought the Americans on trade issues for decades.
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@Luke Fisher, they're still in place, and they're driving up the price of new homes in the U.S., because Trump's protectionist tariffs are really nothing more than taxes loaded onto working people while shielding select U.S. industrialists from competition. Trump tweeted angrily about Canadian softwood lumber in June, still out to gull his mouth-breathing base that he's doing it all for them. The US desperately needs to improve its public education system, IMO, or it's fated to become a dictatorship.
1
What makes anyone think that the US will abide by this ruling by the International Trade organization? Trump only abides by rules that he makes or he agrees with.
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Trump is waiting for Putin to issue him his marching orders.
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Way to go, Canada! Thanks, and keep up the good work!
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The article does not state whether Trump will abide by the ruling and try to get around it. After all, where does it lead with his other efforts?
9
Trump almost certainly saw the crippling and/or closing of newspapers as a victory for him. Some of them, after all, might, um, question his judgment occasionally, and any dissent is to be ruthlessly crushed in the New Trump Order.
105
This clearly illustrates why Canada cannot and I hope will not let go of the impartial arbitration clause in current NAFTA which the US want deleted. Unilateral diktats from the US is no way to enforce an agreement signed in good faith.
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A Free and Vital Press 1-Trump punishing tariffs 0 .
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Has the imbecelic howling started yet?
46
A great win for American newspaper's and Canadian alike. President Trump can try to discourage American's from reading Social Media and now blame 'Google' in his search to silence bad press, which he incidentally created!
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simply grand for democracy...we need newspapers and good journalism especially at this very time and Canada and USA must work together !
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Well this is good news...
As much as I enjoy reading the NYT online and posting comments, there's no substitute for the tactile experience of holding the paper in your hands in the morning, and enjoying a cup of coffee...
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As a canadian this is good news for tribunals and legality to overturn the politics that seems to be non stop from our neighbors.
41
Trump is using a bulldozer when forceps are required. But he's rich and doesn't have to fear bankruptcy the way most of us do. And he's more interested in being the president of some of the United States rather than all of the United States. Impeachment cannot come soon enough.
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@hen3ry
He does not fear bankruptcy??
Is that why he has had at least 6 bankruptcies so far in his businesses??
1
@Joe From Boston asks, "He does not fear bankruptcy?? Is that why he has had at least 6 bankruptcies so far in his businesses??
No, Joe, he doesn't fear bankruptcy. He uses it as a business strategy. Good way to stiff the creditors.
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@Beppo
Yes, I am aware that Delusional Donald has a very LONG history of stiffing creditors, failing to pay vendors and workers and other business failings.
He has such a BAD business reputation that no US bank will loan him any money. They have been burned too badly.
5